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Chapter 28

When reading Chapter 28, I paused at Ryan’s quote about digital narratives : “A truly digital text, or narrative is one that cannot be transferred into the print medium without significant loss (Ryan). Until this chapter, I had been mostly focused on the transfer of a printed text into a digital format. I had not considered texts that were originally created for use and display only in a digital environment. I think Ryan’s question about what digital media means for the narrative is an interesting one.

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Readings

Last semester in a class I wrote about the idea of authorship, and the problems we have with editing works, and granting copyrights…because who can be classified as an author in this digital age? Reading the essays this week brought up many similar topics from Ong and Manovich.

I’m interested in how the strict guidelines for copyright can hamper growth within the digital technology field. I wonder if there are any advocates for less restrictive copyright guidelines for educational uses? Who would hire lobbyists for that realm?

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chapters 26,28,32,34,36

Two things that seemed to stand out (okay this time of night they were screaming at me)…were Chapter 26 - copyright laws and Chapter 34 -  functionality vs. imagery. 

I think the next key development in the evolving world of digital humanities is an electronic licensing tag for educational purposes.  Whether in film or literature or music the need to study and analyze is apparent, but the cost for use is too steep for the average student.  When I was hoping to purchase a series of DVD’s to watch for this class, I discovered the Regional format system which means I can only watch DVD’s from the UK on my computer since my DVD player is for US Region DVD’s.  If the format can be that rigid, and DVD’s are made to prevent piracy, I know there has to be a way to electronically tag segments used for analysis to prevent splicing an entire production together.

As for chapter 34 -  functionality and representation are key to an effective site.  That’s a given.  I would hope that most are less like Frankenstein’s monster and more like the animatronic butterfly.  But this is new for most of us and actually I hope, that like both the monster and the butterfly, when we are done with our projects we can at least say, “It’s alive!”

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The William Blake Archive. Yuck.

I find Chapter 34 a little inflammatory when Matthew G. Kirschenbaum discusses the William Blake Archive. Have you seen the Web site? It’s … interesting, or, to put it mildly, poorly designed. Click here to see it.

When discussing the Archive, he writes: “Don’t we understand (I hear these users saying) that what really matters here is Blake, and access to “the actual work itself?” Sometimes a particular feature of the site, which may appear intrusive to lay users (one of those aforementioned bells and whistles), is indeed there for more specialized audiences; for example, the ImageSizer applet, which allows scholars to display Blake’s work on-screen at its true physical dimensions. This slippage between scholarly complexity and bad design is suggestive …” I say bad design wins here. The site needs an overhaul – and now I’m thinking about ways to make it beautiful. Still, I appreciate the wealth of material in the archive. I entered the keyword “life” in the search bar and the results included several illuminated books, plates, illustrations and drawings.

What I didn’t find inflammatory in this chapter was Kirschenbaum’s “magic carpet” system. Save for the paper-thin LCD monitor, the iPhone seems like something he would enjoy (or enjoys!).

More Thoughts

I gather that we were asked to read Chapter 26 because Robert Kolker discussed, among others, copyright issues he faced when compiling material for Film, Form, and Culture. His exploration of public domain and copyright laws is interesting – he paid more than $3,000 for short JFK and Citizen Kane clips! What a rigorous process. I feel lucky that CiN Weekly allowed Ryan and I to subject the first issue to our project for free.

Speaking of copyright, I think we can related Chapter 36 to Chapter 26 in some respects. Howard Besser writes, “As we see the increased commodification of information and consolidation of the content industry into fewer and fewer hands, less and less creative work enters the public domain and more requires payment to view (Besser 2002a).” This is a challenge when aiming to enrich a digital library – a public one, that is. The above statement perhaps helps explain why Internet piracy is still flourishing. Many people do not want to beef up their own digital library, such as iTunes, by paying for new creative works, so they rely on sites like The Pirate Bay. (NSFW?)

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Digitizing video, digital narrative, and BEAUTY!

The assigned readings were a wonderful bouquet.  I appreciated the recycling of all the information we have been receiving.  We have been reading about the history of digital humanities–the behind-the-scenes-work since the 60s–and the pros that come with it towards research and globalized scholarship, as well as the foreseeable drawbacks.  We have read about interdisciplinary possibilities due to the existence of cyber commonplaces, and this group of chapters presents us with the reality of the digital/film-making world.  Chapters 26 and 32 are a wonderful illustration for an outsider–like me–of how the computer boom has revolutionized the world of film making, film study, film education, and video applications to humanistic studies on the web.   I was mesmerized, entertained all along, and took notes like a freshman [10 bytes is a 10-letter word, mind you, and you need tons of pixels per inch to get your daughter looking glorious in that video sent to grandpa in South America].

I spent lots of time reading Chapter 28, went quickly through the advantages of digital text; then, I stopped short at the statement: “narrative is not a reliable way to gain knowledge about the past because it involves a fabrication.”  I was taken back to arguments in other classes about literature versus history, and how they are both key legacy elements of humanity that complement each other.  I also remembered Isabel Allende’s quote, “[Writing is] recalling emotions and pains of my fate, and telling part of the history” http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/allende/interviews.html .  If what Allende says holds true to most literary writers–intending to recall emotions and feeling about the history–then the suggestions in Chapter 28 by Ryan are out of place, or are very materialistic.  He says we –literature people–need to learn something from computer games in “having narrative temporality” and giving the reader/player the “ticking of the clock” feeling, a feeling that he is in control, and in the moment.    After reading all the articles I can see finding a middle ground in multivariant narratives, but learning too much from computer game psychology to produce literary e-text..I don’t think so.   Literature is, like Allende implies, history told from the very emotional humanistic pragmatic point of view of the author.  It is then emotionally biased history, which would benefit with tags for video and audio enhancements.  All these ideas are coming from the chapters.

I was also deeply enthralled by Chapter 34, especially about its definition of beauty as an “idealized integration of form and function.”  This came after the description of Hawthorne’s butterfly narrative.  Material to think for weeks.  Beauty has been discussed throughout the ages.  To talk about beauty in cyberspace is a whole new subgenre.

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Chapters 26, 28, 32, 34, 36

The chapter on the genesis of film studies was interesting to me  (In part because I LOVELOVELOVE Rear Window & Strangers on a Train). The author’s idea of using a computer “literally to enter the image and diagram it to show how it worked” made me curious to do that.  This concept has made me aware of the director’s control in a film. (As I type this, my husband is watching Rope–one of his favorites.)

The section on copyright and intellectual property law was encouraging. It seems that permission will be granted for educational purposes as long as one is willing to do the work to get it.

Multivariant Narratives (Chapter 28)–The oral age lasted a very, very long time; the chirographic, a very long time; the print age, a long time. Will the decrease in length of each age continue with the digital age? Will the next age be here sooner rather than later? The definition of a digital text in this chapter adds to my understanding of the field: A truly digital text, or narrative, is one that cannot be transferred into the print medium without significant loss. That a digital text has a large degree of fluidity enhances this definition for me. 

The chapter on conversion of primary sources (Chapter 32) linked many of the concepts from the Flex videos and the previous readings: TEI, virtual reality, modeling, W3C.  I found this chapter to be very informative. Capturing content vs. capturing form, machine-readable electronic text vs. machine-viewable electronic text, OCR vs. rekeying–all good stuff.

Chapter 34: I guess I get what an interface is after this chapter! I liked the author’s comment about interfaces that are “visually suggestive” being “slick,” and “eye-candy,” but that these are not necessarily bad qualities. I think this raises the bar on scholarly interfaces. Users will begin to seek out projects that are scholarly and appealing rather than just scholarly. The discussion comparing the William Blake Archive and the Blake Archive for Humans illustrated this point nicely. This comparison also brought the recurring terms of audience and purpose back to mind.

Chapter 36: I’m sure you’ve read about library funding cuts in Cincinnati, and this chapter reminded me of more reasons why that is such a bad thing. I have always loved the library (To spread the love, I give extra credit to my students who show me their own library cards!), and this chapter reminded me of the people who use libraries. The aspects of the digital library that are in common with the traditional library are so important, as well as the new uses that digital libraries bring.

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Film and Copyright

The most interesting chapter for this week was Chapter 26 by Kolker. I found it interesting that programs to help scholars analyze film did not really take off until the 90s. It appears with all the technological advances over the last 50 years that we’d be further than we are in this area. It also made me look at film differently. When I watch a movie I rarely think about how the camera angles tell the story more so than the dialogue. I found the copyright information in regards to using film in scholarly research very interesting. I wonder about universities that do not have the funds to buy copyrights to clips of movies for study.

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Conversion of Primary Sources

I particularly enjoyed reading this chapter because it opened up my eyes to the many different possibilities of digitization. While I knew that it was full of endless possibilities, my mind never wrapped around all the options out there. Right now, since we are participating in the nines project, I only think of texts/documents that can be digitized. I haven’t even thought of things such as “visual materials,” “Three-dimensional objects and artifacts,” or “Time-based media.” I guess that is because I am living in the period where a lot of these things are already or automatically digitized. It’s the norm to have visual media digitized now. Texts and documents are still holding on to print; therefore, I think of it more often when I think of digitizing something.
Although digitization is a great phenomenon, Deegan and Tanner bring up a valid fear of it: “the resultant digital object, for instance, is evanescent and mutable in a way that the analogue original isn’t. It can disappear in a flash if a hard drive crashes or a CD is corrupt; it can be changed without trace with an ease that forgers can only dream about.” The fact that things such as hard drives crashing and hackers that can change materials in a flash is scary. I feel like this threat will never go away, which is a large and great reason to not get rid of print, or any kind of original material that is not digitization. What are your thoughts on this? Does this have a large effect on why digitization has not taken over everything yet?

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Hypertexts: Documentation for Storyspace

Through reading chapter 28 the subject of variable discourse really intrigued me. Hypertexts are used to implement this variability and is of great importance to many readers.

In the past I have taken hypertext for granted when reading web documents. It has made it possible for me to read a specific piece of material quite quickly, allowing me to navigate through in an efficient manner. Ryan states, The reconstruction of a reasonably consistent narrative world from a scrambled discourse would quickly become a tiresome activity if the reader’s role was exhausted by the metaphor of a jigsaw puzzle.” The use of hypertext alleviates this jigsaw effect and leaves the author to help alleviate any confusion for its readers. The readers therefore have complete control over the text and is able to fully comprehend what he or she is reading.

Storyspace was created in order to maintain “large texts.” Using the Figure 28.1, I was able to understand the organizational structure of Victory Garden. “The map of “Victory Garden traces many pathways into a reasonably solid and chronologically organized narrative core.” This allows the reader to follow the plot in a clear and concise manner.

Has anyone else given much thought to the overall importance of hypertexts? I am eager to know what others think about this topic and if they agree that hypertexts are valuable tools to assist readers to take different pathways in various documents.

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The Wonderful Paradox of Digital Media

Those of you who were in my Introduction to Graduate Studies class know that I struggled with the “auteur theory” and Foucault and Barthes. However, now that I have the basics behind me, the analysis of film section made a bit more sense to me.

 

Despite the challenges, I am very intrigued by film studies.  

 

The next chapter explored another alternative humanities concept with “multivariant narratives.” I love Choose Your Own Adventure books. Growing up, I devoured them like candy. I wonder if my mom still has dozens of them boxed up from my preteen years. Having that kind of power over the printed word, as a child, was HUGE. But as an adult, I’ve never considered the variable narrative concept.

 

Interactive fiction is a concept that is very exciting to me. I’ve never thought of it that way. Although I’ve never played “The Sims,” they are enough a part of popular culture that I’m very familiar with the game and how it is played. I’m thinking of this in a totally new way. As Marie-Laure Ryan says, “Texts must reconquer the narrative temporality that fuels the reader’s desire.”

 

Matthew G. Kirschenbaum’s chapter was helpful when thinking about our projects, especially the section about “The Blake Archive for Humans.” It includes the great phrase, which is a great warning to consider when working on our projects. He says, “Their site may be complete and accurate, but it is not particularly easy to use, and it’s chock-full of all the ridiculous trappings of the scholarly profession.”

 

He established another great point (and/or warning) when he said: “While it will be impossible to please everybody all of the time, a design team must at least ensure that it is meeting the needs of its most important user communities most of the time.”

 

 

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